Performance of a green wall in treating organics, nutrients and pathogens in greywater in a cool climate

This study investigated the performance of the vertECO® green wall system with lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and biochar-pumice media in treating greywater from an urban city district (1000 residents) under Scandinavian climate conditions. Over one year, the system effectively removed organic matter, achieving 90–97 % of biological oxygen demand (BOD) reduction and 56–94 % for total suspended solids (TSS). However, nitrogen and phosphorus removal were inconsistent and low.

Sami, M., Hedström, A., Kvarnström, E., McCarthy, D. T., Gattringer, H., Hartl, M., & Herrmann, I. (2026). Performance of a green wall in treating organics, nutrients and pathogens in greywater in a cool climate. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 82, 109455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109455